The Importance of Aesthetic Distance in American Horror Movies :: Movie Film Essays

The Importance of Aesthetic Distance in American Horror MoviesWhat then do we make of American standoff movies? In the canon of horror pictures they almost always come second in respect to foreign horror movies and any American horror film that is considered to be artful is the one with the most aesthetic distance. Upscale slashers comparable Johnathan Demmes The Silence of the Lambs (1991) or David Finchers Seven (1995) are both gruesome and bally(a) borrowing many of the same shock techniques as their lower bud cook counterparts (for example, Russell Mulchahys Sevenish thriller Resurrection (1999)), both focus on the body and its violation, either done sexual mode or violent means, and both feature villains who fit easily into Carol Clovers assessment as distinctly male his fury is unmistakably sexual in both stemmas and expression.The logic behind heaping plaudits on the upscale slashers and highbrow horror pictures lies, as with foreign horror, with the concept of aesthet ic distance. Film analyst Ken Hanke theorizes that many critics simply praise so-called highbrow horror films because the acclaim comes from people with little or no knowledge of the genre...What seemed so perfumed and creative to them was largely a reshuffling of a very old bag of tricks.While Hankes thesis is logical, I think the real reason these pictures get such acclaim is (you guessed it) their aesthetic distance. Both The Silence of the Lambs and Seven are considered to be more psychological in nature, as they present killers whose motivations are explainable. The unaccountable is infinitely more terrifying than the explainable so in elucidating the motivations to their gruesome behavior the audience is given an easy out. Believing that evil has a root cause, the audience does not have to accept the shocking hypothesis that evil can simply exist without rhyme or reason. Even in the chef-doeuvre Halloween (1978) we are tossed a half-hearted psychological explanation as to why Michael Myers does what he does. The psychobabble that Donald Pleasance spouts is simply that Myers is pure evil, and there are some vague connections do between Myers witnessing his sister engaging in premarital sexual activity and his slaughtering tendencies. Director John Carpenter then gets to have a killer who seems like a force of nature, yet is still explainable within the realm of psychology.Carpenter also gives his audience a sense of aesthetic distance through his numerous in-jokes and references to other horror films.

The Multicultural Workplace Essay -- Occupational Issues

The modern American workplace has become culturally diverse as different immigrant communities increased in size. According to the US segment of Immigration, 148,426 immigrants received their residency in 2011 in New York. Because of the increased workplace diversity, businesses have to deal with a variety of cultural awareness and multiple expression issues. These are very pressing issues in New York City, the melting pot of cultures from all over the world. Each workplace in New York City has at least one employee of a non-American background or a bilingual employee. While exploring the multinational workplace, which consisted of immigrants from a variety of countries, I was able to distinguish trinity distinctive themes. The first is immigrants self-consciousness of having an accent. The second is mixing two languages in speech. The third is the problem of building an effective multicultural team.Full-time employed adults egest at least 40% of their time at work and for many a dults it accounts for 100% of their public life. Workplace has become a place of social interaction. Vicky Schultz depict the importance of the workplace to individuals growth in her work The Sanitized Workplace as the followingFor most people, working isnt bonnie a way to earn a livelihood. Its a way to make friends and form communities and to know themselves and others in a deep way. Workplace is also a source of citizenship, community, and self-understanding.From this perspective, for immigrants learning the language of the host country is a tool to develop a net of useful social contacts. Cristina Rodriguez states that in addition to its constituent in developing social bonds, the language use assists with preserving a multilingual en... ...ogy.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/LevAriKeysar.pdf6.Rodriguez, Cristina. Language Diversity in the Workplace. www.law.northwestern.edu. Northwestern University School of Law, 2006. Web. 6 whitethorn 2012. http//www.law.northwestern.edu/l awreview/v100/n4/1689/lr100n4rodriguez.pdf7.Shultz, Vicky. The Sanitized Workplace. Yale L.J., 2003. 2069-70. Print.8.Estlund, Cynthia. Working Together How Workplace Bonds Strengthen a Diverse Democracy. New York, NY Oxford University Press, 2005. 256. Print.9.Keogh, Jack. International Teams Beyond Cultural Difference. www.jackkeogh.com. Keogh and Associate Consulting, LLC, n.d. Web. 6 May 2012. http//www.jackkeogh.com/Multicultural team article by JK.pdf10.Masculinity. www.clearlycultural.com. ClearlyCultural.com, 2009. Web. 6 May 2012. http//www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/masculinity/

The Decision to Litigate and the Adversary System :: Litigation Adversary System Court Essays

The Decision to Litigate and the Adversary System The in-class video and lecture identified a number of factors that should be considered when making this decision. They include 1.) Trials are expensive and lengthy. Someone has to pay the costs. 2.) What is the likehood of recovery? 3.) Are the defendants able to satisfy the judgement? 4.) Will a suit impact the relationship between the defendant(s) and 5.) Will harmful publicity or loss of goodwill result? In the movie, the decision to go to mental testing was based on the attorneys greed. Though that was not the initial decision, once Schlictmann saw Beatrice Foods and linked it to Peter Pan, Tropicana, Samsonite, etc. You could see the dollar signs in his eyes. From that call for forward all manpower and resources were allocated to this one case.None of the plaintiffs in the film appeared to have the financial resources to support a decision to litigate, nor did the impregnable representing them. Towards the end of the attempt , the firm was so heavily in debt over the case they filled out multiple applications for credit cards. They also had second mortgaged their homes, cashed in their privacy plans, life insurance plans, gone. The firm had completely overextended themselves in the process of trying to generate evidence to prove their case. The lack of evidence, money as well as the tremendous resources of the defendants should all have been considerations that would have steered them from a trial. Most important of all, the attorney should have been focused on the goal of the Plaintiffs in determining whether or not to litigate, which in the movie was completely overlooked. They did not want punitive damages as a result of their losses. What they wanted was for the responsible for(p) party to take ownership of their actions and apologize to them. This was clearly stated to Jan Schlictmann in his initial meeting with them. Furthermore, they restated their interest at the time that the attorneys assur ed the families that they would each receive $375, 000 as part of the settlement from W.R. Grace.Strategy in the Adversary System One of the strategies employed by lawyers in a trial to achieve a favorable verdict is to persuade the trier of facts that the facts presented by the other side are untrue, improvable or not credible. In the movie, twain defense attorneyss attacked the credibility of the plaintiffs attorney, Jan Schlictmann.

John F. Kennedy Essay -- essays research papers

John F. KennedyJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in the Boston suburb ofBrookline. Kennedy was the son of Joseph P. Kennedy a formerambassador to GreatBritain. Kennedy was often like his father, possesing a delightful sense of humor, a strong family loyalty, a concern for the state of the nation, endless vitality and a constant air of arrogance no matter how dire the situationIn 1946, Kennedy ran successfully for a Boston-based seat in the U.S. House of Representatives he was reelected in 1948 and 1950. As a example he backed social legislation that benefited his working-class constituents. Although generally supporting President Harry S. Trumans foreign policies, he criticized what he considered the administrations weak stand against the communistic Chinese. Kennedy continued to advocate a strong, anti-Communist foreign policy throughout his career. Restless in the House, Kennedy challenged incumbent Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., in 1952. Although th e Republican presidential candidate, Dwight D. Eisenhower, win in Massachusetts as well as the country as a whole, Kennedy showed his remarkable vote-getting appeal by defeating Lodge.A year later, on Sept. 12, 1953, Kennedy espouse Jacqueline Bouvier. The couple had three children Caroline Bouvier (b. Nov. 27, 1957), John Fitzgerald, Jr. (b. Nov. 25, 1960), and a second son who died in infancy in August 1963.Kennedy was a relatively inconstant senator. During parts of 1954 and 1955 he was seriously ill with back ailments and was therefore unable to play an important role in government. Critics observed that he made no effort to oppose the anti-civil libertarian excesses of Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin. His friends later argued, not entirely persuasively, that he would have voted to censure McCarthy if he had not been hospitalized at the time. During his illness Kennedy worked on a concur of biographical studies of American political heroes. Published in 1956 under the t itle Profiles in Courage, it won a Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1957. Like his prior book on English foreign policy, it revealed his admiration for forceful political figures. This faith in activism was to become a hallmark of his presidency.In 1956, Kennedy bid unsuccessfully for the Democratic vice-presidential nomination. Thereafter, he set his sights on the presidency, especially after his... ... by at least conniving at the overthrow of Dinh Diem in November 1963.On November 21, 1963, President Kennedy flew to Texas to give several political speeches. The next day, as his car drove slowly past cheering crowds in Dallas, shots rang out. Kennedy was seriously wounded and died a short time later. Within two hours of the shooting, police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald and charged him with the murder. On November 24, a Dallas man, Jack Ruby, shot and killed Oswald before there was a discover to put him on trial. Although Oswald denied that he shot Kennedy, most of the evidence ind icates that he really did. To this day, however, many people disagree about the facts of JFKs assassination. Some people avow that there was a second gunman firing at Kennedy, and that he and Ruby were part of a conspiracy. None of these theories has ever been proven.President Kennedys death caused wondrous sadness and grief among all Americans. Most people still remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they heard the news of the murder. Hundreds of thousands of people gathered in Washington for the Presidents funeral, and millions throughout the world watched it on television.

Fundamentals of Research Essay -- Research Analysis

It has always been human nature to seek answers, find solutions to problems, observe, and bring awareness of discoveries. This process of inquiry has become more advanced(a) and daunting throughout time. Nevertheless, curiosity and the need to progress remains the same. Many regard search as gathering information and using facts to actualise findings (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010, pg. 1-2). Nevertheless, Leedy and Ormrod (2010), particularize research as a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information (data) in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned (Leedy & Ormond, 2010, pg. 2). Nunans definition (as cited in Mustafa, 2011), describes research as having a question, problem, hypothesis, data, analysis and interpretation of analysis (p. 24). Reaching the goal is the culmination of the research in this case, the goal for conducting a doctoral research is to improve the music education curriculum and provide an excellent learning opportunity for all in all students including students with disabilities to experience pedantic success.The current music curriculums design appears to be standard for all students including students with disabilities. Because of inclusion, children with learning disabilities participate with non-disabled children in music. At a recent music therapy workshop, teachers expressed concerns regarding how to support students with learning needs. Inquiry on the current music curriculum and the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 initiated the following questions Is the NCLB working to meet all students learning needs as well as support music teachers with appropriate education resources? How have core subject state assessmen... ... Preservice music teachers perceptions of fieldwork experiences in a special needs classroom. Journal of Research in Music Education, 57(2), 152-168. Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Practical research Planning and design Saddle River, NJ Merrill.Mustafa, R. F. (2011). The P.O.E.ms of educational research A beginners concise guide. International Education Studies, 4(3), 23-30. Pellitteri, J. (2000). Music therapy in the special education setting. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 11(3&4),379-391. Retrieved from http//www.soundconnectionsmt.com/docs/Music%20Therapy%20in%20Special%20Education. Zdzinski, S.F., & Barnes, G.V. (2002). Development and validation of a string performance rating scale. Journal of Research in Music Education, 50(3), 245-255. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview.214475469? accounted=

Essay --

In 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) and the New York and New Jersey Port Authority held a collaborative planning accompaniment organized by America Speaks regarding the future development of the World Trade fondness site after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The LMDC and Port Authority initially created six congruent plans regarding the reconstruction of the site. The LMDC saw the mandate they had to follow in reconstructing the tower to be broad. LMDC thus announced that it would lop up eight advisory councils to represent key constituenciesfamilies residents restaurants, retailers, and small businesses arts, education and tourism financial services firms professional firms commuters and transportation and development. (Rosegrant P.2 2002) The LMDC had made plans that would involve fashioning the site into a mixed area of commercial and residential. The Port Authority likewise desired to stick to the original layout of the previous World Trade Center struc ture. They wanted to keep the spot strictly for commercial and office space purposes. (Rosegrant 2002)Un satisfactory to come to an agreement on how the site should be used, it was decided to search and reach a wider demographic in regards to creating a blueprint for the reconstruction of the site. The Port Authority and the LMDC decided to accept a proposal from America Speaks on organizing a collaborative process that will bring all of the various stakeholders together. To discuss the future of the World Trade Center site. America Speaks collaborative event brought together over 5,000 participants. 4,500 of whom were of the general public representative of the various demographics that resided within the region. The rest being composed of government and civic leade... ...c mobilization and conclusiveness making embodies the message.When designing a collaborative process I might have done certain things differently, despite its flaws the collaborative process proved to be suc ceederful. This success is owed to being inclusive through the formatting of the meeting. Innovative use of online and offline space. Allowing participants during the initial meeting define what they would want in a design plan of the space to be reconstructed. This format of collaborative planning was fairly new and it explains why participants were not confident that their input will not be considered in the decision making. While technology did play a prominent role the management of the process was also depended on the quality of table facilitators, scribes and the theme team. America Speaks was able to successfully organize and operate this collaborative process.

Essay --

In 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) and the New York and New island of Jersey Port Authority held a collaborative planning event organized by America Speaks regarding the future development of the World Trade decoct settle after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The LMDC and Port Authority initially created six congruent plans regarding the reconstruction of the send. The LMDC saw the mandate they had to follow in reconstructing the tower to be broad. LMDC thus announced that it would set up eight advisory councils to represent key constituenciesfamilies residents restaurants, retailers, and small businesses arts, education and tourism financial services firms professional firms commuters and rapture and development. (Rosegrant P.2 2002) The LMDC had made plans that would involve making the site into a mixed area of commercial and residential. The Port Authority likewise desired to stick to the original layout of the preceding World Trade Center structure. T hey wanted to keep the space strictly for commercial and office space purposes. (Rosegrant 2002)Unable to come to an agreement on how the site should be used, it was decided to try and reach a wider demographic in regards to creating a blueprint for the reconstruction of the site. The Port Authority and the LMDC decided to accept a proposal from America Speaks on organizing a collaborative emergence that will bring all of the various stakeholders together. To discuss the future of the World Trade Center site. America Speaks collaborative event brought together over 5,000 participants. 4,500 of whom were of the general public representative of the various demographics that resided within the region. The rest being composed of government and civil leade... ...c mobilization and decision making embodies the message.When designing a collaborative process I might have done certain things differently, despite its flaws the collaborative process proved to be successful. This success is owed to being inclusive through the formatting of the meeting. Innovative use of online and offline space. Allowing participants during the initial meeting define what they would want in a design plan of the space to be reconstructed. This format of collaborative planning was fairly new and it explains why participants were not confident that their input will not be considered in the decision making. While technology did play a prominent role the management of the process was also depended on the quality of accede facilitators, scribes and the theme team. America Speaks was able to successfully organize and operate this collaborative process.

Assessing the Marketing Strategy of Payboy Magazine

Contents Introduction4 Literature review5 The overlap life cycle5 Introduction stage5 Growth stage6 matureness stage6 Decline stage7 MARKET SEGMENTATION8 Attractiveness of a grocery subdivision9 Target merchandise strategies9 tarnish10 Building and managing dirt virtue12 Globalisation13 There are ternion main international merchandise predilections13 Ethics in merchandising14 Gender role and selling14 Generic marketing scheme15 Findings16 The man-about-town clickway life cycle16 Market cleavage17 Brand17 Globalization17 Ethics18 Marketing schema18 Discussion20 Conclusions21 Recommendations21 References22Introduction A marketing dodging calls for the organization to pull its limited resources to attract the desired market segment and gain approximately competitive advantage. The positioning of a product is the reason the charge segment of the market uses or buys a product based on the attri hardlyes of the product which ensure that the product attracts the desired market segment by come across the product expectations (Wind, 1990). These two strategies are used to attract consumers of all product types. The cartridge holder industry mainly applies these strategies to attract buyers towards their product.They offer their readers target content by world first separate into the various types of magazines which include men, women, new-fangleds magazines and readers digest. Readers digest offer its readers a wide array of topics of interests without focussing on a specialised readership, gender or group of interests. News magazines offer feature news articles usually on topics that have already been discussed in other(a) news media but in a more in-depth sense. Womens magazines offer articles of interest to women and mens magazines offer articles of interest to men.Magazines are further segmented under separately section to feature topics of interest from decor to cars. One of the more successful mens magazines Playboy will be discussed i n this paper, focussing on, what strategy they applied to achieve their worldwide success. The magazine has been in existence for over, 50years and has stood the test of time. This paper will seek to determine what marketing strategies they applied to achieve their global success. Literature review The product life cycle The product life cycle arouse be divided into several stages characterised by the revenue generated by the product.A PLC depicts the stages that the product goes through during its life time. The PLC is made up of the following stages Introduction stage When the product is introduced, gross revenue will be low until customers perform aware of the product and its benefits. Advertising costs are typically advanced during this stage in order to rapidly increase customer awareness of the product and to target the early adopters. During the introductory stage the debauched is uniformly to incur additional costs associated wit the initial distribution of the product . These higher costs couple wit low sales volume usually study the introduction stage a period of negative gelts.During the introduction stage, the goal is to establish a market and build primary demand for the product class. The introductory stage comprises of the following marketing sashay comp geniusnts Price the scathe will be more often than non high, assuming a skim pricing strategy for a high profit margin as the early adopters buy the product and the firm seeks to reimburse development costs quickly. In some instances, a penetration pricing strategy is used and introductory worths are set low to gain market share quickly. Distribution the distribution is selective and scattered as the firm commences implementation of the distribution plan.publicity it is aimed at building bell ringer awareness. Samples or trials may be conveyed at early adopters. Growth stage This is a stage of rapid revenue growth. Sales increase as more customers detect aware of the produc t and its benefits and additional market segments are targeted. The marketing team may increase its distribution at this point. When competitors enter the market, often during the later business office of the growth stage, there may be impairment competition and or increased promotional costs in order to convince customers that the firms product is better than that of the competitor.During the growth stage the goal is to gain consumer preference and increase sales. The marketing mix may be modified as down the stairs yield new product features and packaging options, improvement of product quality Price the price may be maintained at a high level if demand is high or reduced to capture additional customers. Distribution at this point, the distribution give ways more intensive. Trade discounts are minimal if resellers put a strong interest in the product. Promotion advertising is increased to build brand preference. maturity stageThis is the most profitable stage. While sal es continue to increase into this stage, they do so at a slower pace. The brand awareness is strong and so the advertising expenditures will be reduced. Te firm places effort into encouraging competitors customers to switch, increasing usage per customer, and converting non users into customers. Sales promotion may be offered to encourage retailers to give the product more shelf infinite over competing products. During the maturity stage, the goal is to maintain market share and extend the product life cycle.The marketing mix decision may include Product modifications are made and features are added in order to differentiate the product from competing products tat may have been introduced, Price there are possible price reductions in response to competition darn avoiding a price war. Distribution new distribution channels and incentives to re-sellers n order to avoid losing self space. Promotion emphasis on differentiation and building of brand loyalty. Incentives may be introd uced at this stage to get competitors customers to switch. Decline stageAt this stage, sales induce to decline as the market becomes saturated, the product becomes technologically obsolete, or customer taste change, if the product as developed brand loyalty, the profitability may be maintained longer. Init costs may increase with the declining production volumes and eventually no more profit trick be made. During the decline stage, the firm has three options exert the product with hope that competitors will exit. Reduce costs and find new uses for the product. Harvest it, reducing market support and coasting along until no more profit can be made. Discontinue the product when no more profit can be made or there is a successor product. The marketing mix may be modified as follows Product the number of products in the product line may be reduced. Rejuvenate surviving products to make them look new again. Price prices may be lowered to liquidate inventory of discontinued product s. Prices may be maintained for continued products serving a nice market. Distribution it will become more selective. Channels that are no longer profitable are passed out. Promotion expenditures are lower and aimed at reinforcing the brand image for continued products.MARKET SEGMENTATION present, the suppliers will want to concentrate in a particular market. There are two distinguished factors to consider when selecting a target market segment. These are the attractiveness of the segment and the fit between the segment and the firms objectives, resources and capabilities. This is the process in which a company attempts to identify the categories of consumers whose needs and wants it can satisfy. In order to segment the market Companies first assess their capabilities and resources then they determine the competitive situation in the marketing environment.Finally they match their capabilities with the needs of the market segment. There is no single way of segmenting the market because their criteria used to segment the market depend on the individual organisations. The segmentation process involves several steps You define the market usually based on the consumers needs Identify the best market segmentation criteria Apply the segmentation criteria and divide the market Analyse and understand the profile of the formerity consumer segment (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) Attractiveness of a market segmentThe following aspects can be considered when evaluating the attractiveness of a market segment Growth rate in the segment Size of the segment Competition in the segment attainable market share given promotional budget and competitors expenditures Required market share to break even Market research and analysis is essential to obtain this information. Te impact of micro and macro environmental variables on the market segment should be considered. Target market strategies Market specialisation here the firm specialises in a particular market segment and o ffers that segment an array of different productsFull market coverage the firm attempts to serve the entire market. This coverage can be achieved by means of either a mass market strategy in which a single undifferentiated marketing mix is offered to the entire market, or by a differentiated strategy in which a separate marketing mix is offered to each segment. Product specialisation Here the firm specialises in a particular product and tailors it to different market segments Selective specialisation Here the different marketing mixes are offered to different segments. The product itself may or may not be different.The promotional messages or distribution channels may vary. Single segment strategy Here one market segment is served with one marketing mix. A single segment approach often is the strategy of choice for smaller companies wit limited resources. BRAND A brand is a name or symbol used to identify the source of a product. (NetMBA,marketingbrand equity). Very successful brands have been known to become the generic wine name of a product. The design and implementation of an effective brand strategy can be considered in relation to the brand, product or the overhaul offered.There are several brand strategies that can be applied, these include Brand development strategy used when the brand already exist Rebranding when an living brand is rebranded in line with the change in the market segmentation or competitive positioning strategy. Brand introduction used when a new brand is introduced Brand extension (umbrella branding) used when a new product that is unrelated to an existing product is introduced. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) The brand can add significant valuate when it is well recognised and as positive associations in the mind of the consumer.This concept is referred to as Brand equity. There are three situations from which to view brand equity 1. Consumer- based A strong brand increases the consumers attitude strength toward the prod uct associated with the brand. Attitude strength is built by experience with a product. This splendor of actual experience by the customer implies that trial samples are more effective than advertising in the early stages of building a strong brand. The consumers awareness and associations lead to perceived quality, inferred attributes, and eventually, brand loyalty. 2. Brand extensionsA successful brand can be used as a platform to demonstrate related products. Te benefits of brand extensions are the leveraging of existing brand awareness thus reducing advertising expenditures, and a lower risk from the perspective of the customer. Appropriate brand extensions can enhance the core brand. Te value of the brand extension is however more difficult to quantify than are direct financial measures of brand equity. 3. Financial One way to measure brand equity is to determine the price premium that a brands commands over a generic product. Strong brand equity provides the following benefi ts . It is an asset that can be sold or leased 2. It Increases cash flow by increasing market share, reducing promotional costs, and allowing premium pricing. 3. It facilitates a more predictable income stream Building and managing brand equity In his 1989 paper, Managing brand Equity, Peter H. Farguhar outlines the following three stages tat are required in order to build a strong brand 1. Introduction in this stage, introduce a quality product with the strategy of using the brand as a platform from which to launch future products. A positive evaluation by the consumer is important. 2.Elaboration make the brand easy to remember and develop repeat usage. There should be accessible brand attitude, that is, the consumer should easily remember his or her positive evaluation of the brand. 3. Fortification the brand should carry a consistent image over time to reinforce its place in the consumers mind and develop a special consanguinity with the consumer. Brand extensions can furthe r fortify the brand, but only with related products having a perceived fit in the mind of the consumer. Globalisation Marketing efforts can cross borders in a process known as internationalisation and globalisation.Internationalisation is when a firm starts to sell the products across the borders. Globalisation is a leave of internalisation and it is evincen by an increase in volumes and value of goods as well as the emergence of transnational segments of consumers with similar demand. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007). The main factors influencing international marketing trading operations are Good knowledge of the evolution of the international business environment The existing assets of the firm The capacity of managers To rapidly adapt the firms strategy to the continuous changes in international markets. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007)There are three main international marketing orientations Domestic Market orientation this is when you sell your service or products in a foreign market s that is very similar to the domestic market. The multi-national orientation this is when a product or services adapts to the demands of each foreign market. Global orientation it identifies the transnational segment of consumers in different foreign countries having similar needs and wants. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) The main challenge with globalisation is whether to adopt standardisation or adaptation theories in the marketing strategy.It has been argued that standardisation should be adopted because international markets have increasingly convergent needs and wants. However, standardisation does not allow for the local cultures to shape the preferences and in such(prenominal) cases the adaptation theory will work best. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) Ethics in marketing The ethical stance of an organisation can either promote or hinder the marketing strategy of an organisation. Ethical issues ranging from pay, pricing of goods to environmental issues affect the image of an organisat ion and can have a critical impact on an organisations brand.In order to combat the negative publicity, organisations can form ethical alliances with non-profit organisation taking the form of donations, cause-related marketing, event sponsorship, employee exchange and the supply of services. Such cause-related marketing strategies can be used to distinguish an organisation in the market place. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) Gender role and marketing In advertising, it has been found that the marketing to women and men especially in publication differ in terms of the type of products they advertise.Men products tend to promote life-style enhancing and professional appearance while womens advertisements tend to promote self reflection and personal appearance (Graham and Gollop, 2003). Many brands in the market are said to posses gender bias. The bias helps leverage their ability to attract their male or female target group. This same trait works as a hindrance where the brand is trying t o cross the gender divide (Jung and Lee, 2006). Findings show that depending on the race and gender of the magazine, the roles of the women and men changed.In womens magazines, women appeared in subordinate roles most of the time and were considered more receptive then men although research has shown that these roles appear to be changing. Interestingly, depending on the magazine gender bias, mens magazines had predominate in images of men and womens magazines dominated in images of women (Graham and Gollop, 2003). In most the magazines, women appeared as sexual objects. Generic marketing strategy Porters has two main fundamental decisions that organisation need to adopt in order to gain competitive advantage.He proposed that organisations could compete on price and differentiation. The two strategies define the following four generic competitive strategies . 1. Overall price leadership it provides products and services at lowest prices 2. Differentiation offering a product or s ervice with differentiated features. 3. Differentiation focus segment the market then offer each segment a differentiated product. 4. Price focus firstly, segment the market and offer the segment a low price (Mitchell,2010) Findings The playboy product life cycle Introduction Playboy was introduced in 1953 with a $1000. 0 budget. The first publication had a circulation of 53991 copies and Marylyn Manroe was on the cover prior to her fame at a price of $0. 5 per issue. When this idea was launched, the logo was a stag, and the magazine was supposed to be called Stag Growth stage the playboy bunny rabbit was introduced and subsequently became the primary unchanged logo for the magazine. Maturity stage-in the 1970s the playboy magazine had grown in popularity and this marked the best sales period of its circulation. The magazine grew into the playboy corporation and has under the umbrella name in addition to the magazine Night clubs Casinos cosmetics Decline- given the negative pu blicity linked to the content of the playboy magazine, in the late 1970s immediately after achieving its peak, their sales declined as a result of the rise of competitors such as penthouse (Trivialibrary. com, 2010). There was a 2-year banishment on all explicit content magazines in the united states in the based on the speculation that magazine of that content was a health hazard. Maturity stage -to date the magazine has a notable goodwill and has accumulated in value. In 2002, the first issue of the playboy magazine was auctioned off for $5000. 0 showing that the magazine has accumulated value as a collectable. Market segmentation The playboy magazine cast a wide web and segmented its market using geographical and gender based segmentation. The magazine is typically targeted at men aged between 18 and 80 years of age. However, the table of contents satisfied both the male and female market (Forbish, 2004). Brand The playboy brand is symbolised by a black bunny bearing a take tie . It has immense goodwill and has been exploited and incorporated into several products such as jewellery, T-shirts printed etc.The magazine P has stars to indicate the level of circulation for that particular issue major brand extensions include lingerie, jewellery, TV shows, Clubs and Casinos. Globalization The playboy magazine has been published in over 50 countries worldwide with local publication and has shown a sure degree of popularity internationally. It sells more the 3million copies in the united states and 4. 5million copies around the world (Forbish, 2004). In addition, playboy has a website which has allowed that to reach an international market. EthicsThere have been many an(prenominal) ethical issues surrounding the magazine spanning from, exploitation of women to the lack of morals based in the sexual content of the magazine. However, they stand out from the rest because they show some moderation on their contents they are not as explicit in both their magazine a nd web content their sit only shows bleakness to viewers after they have acknowledged the content Marketing strategy The main aim of the playboy magazine was to sell a lifestyle and not just sex and nudity. The idea was for the young man to feel like he was a member of a playboy lifestyle club (Forbish, 2004 Thompson, 2008).They show this by incorporating issues of interest to men including humorous and celebrity related content (Forbish, 2004). Between 1959 and 1961, Playboy had a video recording show Playboy penthouse which supplemented in television what it offered as a publication. This show was not an easy success story because television at the time was related to feminism and usually show cased feminine products and shows (Thompson, 2008). The show offered the viewer a visual idea of what the playboy lifestyle was about beautiful women, celebrities and partying (Thompson, 2008).They have a web page that was assailable in 1994. It is currently the most visited site and hi ghly successful magazine online sites. Its cyber store has a 2700 item catalogue and is responsible for a major impute of the playboy profit. Another major feature is the live feature which allows surfers access to view live events online. The ideas of the web site was not to lose sight of the playboy persona by strongly linking its contents and the quality to that of the magazine aimed at getting its visitors to buy into the playboy brand as well as other merchandise that they sell online (Forbish, 2004).When introducing the magazine, the pictures that were published in the magazine were of an upcoming icon Maryline Manroe which was to be used in a calendar. Playboy has been known for using celebrities such as Pamela Anderson in its covers. They also used award winning non sexual content interviews with famous figures to sell the magazine including Malxom X, Martin Luther King Jr. (Forbish, 2004). Discussion The playboy magazine is an ideal example of a magazine that stood the tes t of time. Starting in the 1950s the magazine managed to capitalize on a basic need in Maslows hierarchy of needs Sex.Considering the more conserving time era in which the magazine was launched, the minimal budget and the small circulation, the magazine has proven to be a success story. To date, the playboy brand is considered a symbol of status, fashion and personality (Chen and Wang, 2007) In terms of strategy, using semi naked women on the cover, to attract their ideal market segment was a good key strategy to attract readership having the semi naked women being up and coming celebrities like Pamela Andersen was a genius idea this being key in attracting their target market men aged between 18-80.This strategy was the key to the success if the magazine (Thompson, 2008). In terms of positioning, the playboy magazine has expressed intensely that they are not a pornographic magazine and attest the idea that their content is strictly sexual in nature (Schilowitz, 2004). They argue t hat their content is of interest to men and thus their articles will be male interest related with men interests being women amongst other things. They show this by having in depth interviews with interesting key people in society including Malcom X.They push the idea that Playboy is in-fact a lifestyle of fun with a sexual connotation, which is why the extensions of the brand include casinos and clubs. In terms of ethics, the try to show that they are not pushing the men into judicious sex, they do not exploit women and they do have a certain level of conservative standard which they show by not fully exposing their women and putt restrictions on their websites to inform their patrons about potential nudity in their sites. Conclusions In conclusion, the playboy brand is a successful entity, the name and logo has an international standing.Having graced that stands from the 1950s to present day and stood the test of criticism, linking to the pornographic market, defending its image as a lifestyle as opposed to a product the brand has been successful. In terms of segmentation, the Playboy magazine had had a high success rate in reaching its target market while unintentionally attracting another segment in the market women readers. It has successfully offered its readers more than just sex, it has offered its readers the ideal idea of what it means to be a man (Cox, 1961).Playboy has had a mediocre share of negative press about the ethics of the publication linked to the images of the women but this has had a little effect on the goodwill of their brand. In summation, the playboy brand has been marketed successfully and the application of the strategy has been well carried out. This has been done through effective segmentation, application of online marketing and globalization, application of ethics, effective use of goodwill on the brand as well as brand extensions. RecommendationsThe following recommendations could be applied Given the current global HIV/AIDS pandemic, it would be in the interest to include in their articles talks about how best to avoid, prevent and stop the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Their articles should promote awareness and prevent stigmatization. References Chen Y and Wang X. (2007). Research on the legal protection of intellectual property right in clothing brand. Asian social science. Vol. 3 (2) pp 77-80 Cox H. (1961) Playboys Doctrine of Man. Christianity and Crises. Forbish T. 2004) Sexual Profiteering and Rhetorical Assuagement Examining Ethos and Identity at Playboy. com. JCMC. Vol. 9 (3) Jung K. and Lee W. Cross-Gender Brand Extensions Effects of Gender of the brand, Gender of consumer, and Product Type on Evaluation of Cross-Gender Extensions. Advances of Consumer Research. Vol. 33. pp 67-74. Graham R. and Gollop C. J. (2003) Gender Role Reinforcement in Popular Magazine Advertising. Dissertation from the University of North Carolina. United States. Schilowitz E. (2004) Dont Dare Associate Playboy With por no Playboy Enterprises, Inc. . Netscape. Communications Corporation. B. U. J. Sci and Teck L. Vol. 10 (2) Thompson E. (2008) The Parodic Sensibility and the Sophisticated Gaze Masculinity and Taste in the Playboy Penthouse. Televisions and News Media. Vol. 9 (4) pp 284-304. Wind Y. J (1990) billet analysis and strategy. Interface of marketing strategy. Jai Press Assessing the marketing strategy of Playboy magazine Strategic Marketing MKT 762 Dr. Ayanda Group IV Modise Nengu 9903378 Oumi El-Kindiy 200302031 Dineo Mooketsi 9703200

Human Landscapes from My Country by Nazim Hikmet Essay

Introduction In the Epic novel, Human Landscapes from My Country, Nazim Hikmet used the comparison between engineering science and nature very often. The imagery of technology that is pictured in this novel seems to clash with nature. Through the use of many different images such as the train and plane, Hikmet seems to portray technology as the antagonist of nature. These imageries signify how technology would destroy and would annihilate nature with its surroundings as technology progresses.However, after a closer reading into the novel, Hikmet actually suggest that technology as a positive aspect that will ultimately improve human lives. Perhaps sacrifices and mistakes argon necessary as these are natural occurrences that are expect to happen as technology progresses. Although the cost of technology may seem to be dreadful, it is a necessary step for the better future of human lives. lit Contemporary history on a panoramic scale is taken up in Human Landscapes, which was written during the authors prison historic period but was only published several years after his death.Beginning with the project for an epic study of Turkish history during the twentieth century, at intervals the poets narrative also turns to major events in adjoining regions, notably naval action of World War II in the Mediterranean and the work of Soviet forces against Nazi invaders. His comwork forcetary on the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1922) stands in stark contrast to the heroic national themes repeatedly invoked by other writers of that period.In Hikmets view, it would seem that the mountain as a whole contributed to final victory but only through an inchoate mass rising that did not also lead to a kindly revolution. Indeed, many passages suggest that path differences remained acute but were altered by Turkeys changed status in the world economy. There are a number of brief sketches of individualistic lives, both from the wealthy and from the lower orders, often to state unpleasant truths about the peoples living situation.Some characters, it is recorded, died of disease at early ages farmers retained their land but lost all means of production. Many of the personages are warfare veterans from one conflict or another. There is much attention to dates, but not in the sense of commemorating events with patriotic connotations important occurrences in individual lives are accorded the same emphasis as major developments in the nations history. There is also a fair amount of random, seemingly anomalous violence Family quarrels lead to murder after a man kills his wife, children use the head as a ball in a macabre game.A wrenching, gripping scene records the lynching of a Turk who had collaborated with the British occupation forces. There are some sardonic religious references which call to mind folk superstitions in some later passages, Turks of a pro-German inclination speculate about whether Adolph Hitler could be a Muslim. Leading Turkish statesmen and thinkers figure as portraits on the walls of business offices the memories associated with them are quirky bits of characterization that are far from flattering.The work as a whole darts about and circumambulates historical epochs as they affected different, indeed opposing, social classes. After nearly fifteen years of national independence, homeless and desperately hungry men are to be found outside a newspaper publisher office if wealthy businessmen cannot turn a profit in some branches of the export trade, because of government restrictions, they move readily to other sectors where their fortunes can be augmented.Some of them end up dealing with both the Allied and the Axis powers during World War II. The incidence of suicide on either side of the class divide is fairly high among the poor, childbirth is difficult, painful, and sometimes ends in tragedy. Although this exercise in historical realism, based on the authors own observations of Turkish demeanor, does not seem t o hold out any immediate hopes for a better future, the poets descriptions of nature and simple joys serve to leaven an otherwise stern and unsentimental saga (Des Pres, 7-25).Written in free verse and employing such cinematographic techniques as flashbacks, pans, zooms, dissolves, and jump cuts, Human Landscapes from My Country combines the economy of poetry with the rapid-fire imagery of motion pictures. Hikmet traces the fortunes of men and women in love and war from prostitutes, politicians, and captains of industry to housewives, political prisoners, and peasants and gives voice to social strata unheard from in a heroic context until the twentieth century. To Hikmet, every spiritedness is a human-interest story worth telling, and his is a cast of hundreds.This panoramic view of Turkish society during World War II, when the fate of the world hung in the balance, highlights the make variety of human experience, never letting us forget that, for better or worse, the fate of t he world is in our hands. Hikmets unabashed communist politics, for which he languished in prison or exile most of his adult life, are reflected in vignettes of idealized Ivans of soldierly valor and of real-life heroes, Tanya the teenaged Russian revolutionary and the Nazi-martyred journalist Gabriel Peri.Still, the poets most profound sympathies lie with the poor man striving to sustain himself and his family in pursuit of a fleeting happiness. Living out extended confinement for political activities, dreaming of his wife and child as blindness threatens and days become years, unbowed Halil recalls the poets own situation, a cynosure of what an entire finis was forced to endure. Ultimately Hikmets art suggests spaciousness, a grandeur in the details of poor people seeking just to breathe while events point an invidious recurrence of suffering for love, ambition, misfortunefor living.Finally available complete in English, Hikmets hauntingly eloquent masterpiece never flags. Hum an civilization and technology has grown in a fast pace but are we happy? Hikmet said that he feels life is more comfortable. Nobody said that life has become happier. We found that technology which has been developed to make life easier has in fact made life complicated and busier. He said that unlike the past, at once he can travel from get off to place in few minutes/hours but life has become busier.Communication has improved, technology has taken place in our lives but effective communication between people has decreased. We were all alarmed to face this fact that better technology doesnt mean happiness. So is technology, instead of liberating us, holding us back? Some later segments of this work are essentially similar to portions of The Moscow Symphony and Other Poems, an imaginative musical reconstruction of German-Soviet fighting which in the first instance was probably based upon news stories that Hikmet received in prison.After allowance for the different languages, it m ay be argued that some passages would do credit to a Soviet wartime poet the anxiety of the wars first year, the vast human drama of armies locked in combat, and the camaraderie of soldiers brought together in common struggle are evoked in brisk, telling lines. This novel in verse, written during one long prison sentence in the 1940s, reflects the emotional and physical torments the poet experienced. More gritty than lyrical, it is powerfully plainspoken solely Selim was no Communist/ He didnt even know what communism was/ But the cops thought different/ They laid Selim on the floor. And when Selim got up/ he couldnt step on his feet/ They laid Selim on the floor/ And when Selim got up/ he couldnt see. Hikmets writing is poetry under siege, and the blunt heroism of his characters makes them more Marxist ideals than believable human beings. The poetic element may not exsert well in translation, but the content and context make this a lastingly fascinating work.Works Cited Des Pres , Terrence. poesy and Politics The Example of Nazim Hikmet. Parnassus Poetry in Review 6, no. 2 (1978) 7-25.

How does Shakespeare use language, structure and dramatic devices in Macbeth? Essay

How does Shakespe ar use language structure and salient devices to create tautness in the play?Shakespeare uses language, structure and dramatic devices to great effect to create and uphold the dramatic atmosphere throughout both scenes. These two scenes in particular are signifi kindlet due to the position that they show the characteristics of Macbeth change from a battle-hardened, honourable and combat-decorated warrior to an emotionally unstable, cowardly individual who is susceptible to other peoples coercive measures, namely his wife Lady Macbeth.Macbeth seemingly negotiation to himself to portray the conflict currently raging away in his mind as whether to assassinate the faggot or not and reasons for and against such(prenominal) an action. The monologue is particularly effective in this manner due to its generic function universe to create a mend understanding of the thoughts within the subjects head, in this instance the indisposition of Macbeth to kill Duncan and hi s reasons for such opinions. A soliloquy also creates a better audience-character bond and increases the emotional attachment felt by the audience for the character.In the soliloquy we are given several reasons as to why Macbeth is averse to committing regicide one being his blood-relation with the King and his position as the Kings subject First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed, he himself clarifying the two relations to be strong reasons against the potential act. Another is his description of such an act metaphorically as digging ones own grave Commends the ingredients of our poisond chalice To our own lips fore beholding the potential consequences of his actions as being potentially fatal.Another justification to affirm his position is his description of King Duncan as a humble and efficient ruler Duncan Has very humble in the use of his power has been So confident in his great duty that his virtues Will pray give care angels. Effectively infor ming the audience that nothing can be gained from his usurping of power other than an increase in Macbeths own power.Lady Macbeth uses aggressive and manipulative language when conversing with Macbeth this is maintained throughout both scenes to conserves her domineering feature over Macbeth and also uphold her large influential impact on him over making important decisions. The most important distil which clearly proves this point is arguably the defining moment of her character and we begin to see her as a fully-formed 3-dimensional and begin to see her true colours How sensitive tis to love the babe that milks me I would, while it was smiling in my face, fork over pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums and dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this.She is explicitly confronting him for his apparent cowardice due to his hesitant approach to the assassination by telling him that if she promised she would kill their bobble (as a hypothesis) she would dash hi s brains out without reluctance using guilt as a means to persuade. This shows, more than ever, the vicious and violent side to Lady Macbeth as opposed to the unsure and hesitant Macbeth.Macbeth concedes to this powerful pedagogy by asking a weak and meaningless question showing the audience that he has already succumbed to her go away If we should fail? This is answered by a rhetorical question We fail? and again implying his cowardice by asking him to dig deep for his courage and they will not fail But screw your courage to the sticking-place and well not fail. And then goes on to tell Macbeth of her plan to assassinate the King by offering the Kings guards wine and eventually their memory will be a wisp of smoke, Anything we cant put off on His officers who are like sponges and them taking the blame for their great quell.Lady Macbeth also puts his love for her into question as a means to coerce him into carrying out her demands From this time such I account thy love. Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valour?Which is a very devious albeit clich statement from a female, questioning their partners love for them for them to spring into action reassuring them of their love and affection for them.Act 1 scene 7 would have generated great excitement for the Elizabethan audience at the time due to the gender-reversal of roles between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Social hierarchy put women below men in terms of authority in almost every aspect of every-day life in the 1600s whether they were peasants or nobles they would be deemed inferior and the males, more often than not, took the domineering roles and were deemed high-performance to their social counterparts. Lady Macbeth is seen to be the exact opposite of a typical Elizabethan woman she is shown as cunning and cruel, cold and calculating which were all prototypic characteristics of males. This is proven by Macbeths reaction to her plan of assassination as he retorts with Bring forth men-ch ildren only, for thy undaunted mettle should compose Nothing but males. Indeed confirming that the characteristics possessed by Lady Macbeth were only to be found in men and men only.This response is in stark wrinkle to what our response would be as our orthodox perception of the characteristics of individuals are not based solely or majorly on gender and although a stereotypical trip up may still exist within some in modern-day society it is still not as deeply engrained into our perception of people as it was in the 17th century.Shakespeare has intentionally left out the butcher scene of Duncan for the audience to recreate the scene in their minds as it would be infinitely better represented inside ones head and would have a better impact rather than the simple shock of a few seconds of seeing blood and gore. This is due to ones imagination being more able to represent such a scene and will increase the incredulity and excitement for the audience.The conversation between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth is portrayed as tense due to the short replies and questions between the two which help to build and maintain tension I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry.Did you not speak?When?Now.As I descended?Ay.This short exchange of words at a time when discussing the murder clearly shows the anxiety in the two characters and also creates an anxious atmosphere within the audience.From my analysis above I have come to the conclusion that Shakespeare efficaciously uses language, structure and dramatic devices to maintain the drama where necessary, in this instance the two scenes which are pivotal to the whole play and consequently the most dramatic are filled with such features to maintain drama through unorthodox situations and characters, role reversal and aggressive language to name a few.

Philosophy Paper

In this paper, I will treat euthanasia and demonstrate its immoral implications using J. Gay-Williams essay, The damage of Euthanasia more specific onlyy his attempt to show the pricefulness of euthanasia through an financial statement from nature. I believe that the lineage is valid and presents a precise good approach for those who ar opposed to euthanasia. Below is my effort to summarize this view by placing it in the standard argument format. Argument from Nature ) If in that respect is a mortal in a slip, where a vivid spirit compels them to take action, it is morally legal injury to intentionally suppress that instinct. 2) In all euthanasia cases, there is a doctor is in a situation where their tolerants inwrought instinct compels them to survive. 3) Therefore, in all euthanasia cases, it is morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally suppress their patients natural instinct to survive. The argument supra is derived from part one of Gay-Williams essay. He begins his discussion of the argument from nature by asserting that each person has a natural inclination to continue victuals.He displays this furthermore by explaining, that everything about the composing of a human organism has been designed to have a conditioned reaction that makes the continuation of life a natural goal. It is by this rationale he claims, that euthanasia sets us against our own nature. In order to further demonstrate the arguments severeness and good quality, I will explain how it keeps all the rules of a good argument. The rules are as follows 1) all the premises are reasonable 2) the conclusion follows 3) the argument does not beg the question.Premise one whitethorn be better explained in and of itself through an cause having to do with a general, natural instinct. One example could be when someone is in a situation in which their family is place in harms way when an intruder with sinister motives enters their house. It is a natural reaction to protect tha t which belongs to you (in this situation your property-your territory and your blood- your family). To stand idly by and witness attacks upon your family and home, without in any(prenominal) way, making an effort to stop the attacks, would require an ntentional suppression of a natural instinct. Premise two becomes more specific by stating that in euthanasia cases throughout, a doctor is eer in a situation in which their patients natural instincts compel them (for as we precept in the quotes from J. Gay-Williams, a humans conditioned response in all situations-based on the make-up of the body-is to function in a way that would always enable (or lean towards) continuity. ) to survive. The way to show that this argument follows rule number two is to reveal its lucid pattern. ) If there is P (a person in a situation), where Q (a natural instinct compels them to take an action), it is R (morally wrong to intentionally suppress that instinct). 2) In all S (euthanasia cases), there is P (a doctor in a situation), where Q (their patients natural instinct compels them to survive). 3) Therefore, in all S (euthanasia cases), it is R (morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally suppress their patients natural instinct to survive). I think that this argument is good. The way in which Gay-Williams went about presenting his case was comm ceaseable.He did make brief reference to there universe a God, and that human beings are supposed to act as trustee of his body, and in taking a life or our own, humans are acting against him. However, it seemed as though he was keeping in mind that many people efficacy not share the same beliefs as he, and whence needed to have rational arguments against euthanasia which pertained in no way to faith or religion. This was the admirable thing, because it seems that many times religious people, although trying to repugn an important idea, seem to have no rational approach and end up Bible-thumping, and coming crosswise as ignorant. One objection someone tycoon have to this argument would be to premise two. Someone might say that the premise is generalizing when it says all euthanasia cases, because in certain cases of euthanasia a person might not be being kept alive through natural means any longer (such as celluloid life oppose) therefore, it elicitt be said that the persons natural instinct is to survive because without life support the person would have already died thus undermentioned the natural instinct towards death. My response to this objection would be the following in my interpretation of J.Gay-Williams argument from nature, I used In all euthanasia cases, there is a doctor is in a situation where their patients natural instinct compels them to survive. As my mo premise. And I must admit, that with this as the second premise, the argument is flawed as the objector revealed. However, if I were to make the second premise not end with natural instinct compels them to survive and rather put natu ral instinct compels them then it wouldnt be a flawed argument. This is because it would merely be adding a twist on the argument, which Gay-Williams did not come near out and say, but it is implied.This twist that is implied is that it is morally wrong to go against any natural human instinct, and this includes the natural instinct of dying. Maybe then, the problem of removing someone or not removing someone from life support would no longer be the problem, due to the fact that artificial life support is preventing some people from allowing their bodies to follow the natural instinct to die. Now of course this seems a bit morbid, and Im not at all suggesting that modern technology and what it can do to save lives is morally wrong, Im simply showing what other routes this argument from nature implies.Philosophy PaperIn this paper, I will discuss euthanasia and demonstrate its immoral implications using J. Gay-Williams essay, The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia more specifically his atte mpt to show the wrongfulness of euthanasia through an argument from nature. I believe that the argument is valid and presents a very good approach for those who are opposed to euthanasia. Below is my effort to summarize this view by placing it in the standard argument format. Argument from Nature ) If there is a person in a situation, where a natural instinct compels them to take action, it is morally wrong to intentionally suppress that instinct. 2) In all euthanasia cases, there is a doctor is in a situation where their patients natural instinct compels them to survive. 3) Therefore, in all euthanasia cases, it is morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally suppress their patients natural instinct to survive. The argument above is derived from part one of Gay-Williams essay. He begins his discussion of the argument from nature by asserting that each person has a natural inclination to continue living.He displays this furthermore by explaining, that everything about the composition of a human organism has been designed to have a conditioned reaction that makes the continuation of life a natural goal. It is by this rationale he claims, that euthanasia sets us against our own nature. In order to further demonstrate the arguments validity and good quality, I will explain how it follows all the rules of a good argument. The rules are as follows 1) all the premises are reasonable 2) the conclusion follows 3) the argument does not beg the question.Premise one may be better explained in and of itself through an example having to do with a general, natural instinct. One example could be when someone is in a situation in which their family is put in harms way when an intruder with sinister motives enters their house. It is a natural reaction to protect that which belongs to you (in this situation your property-your territory and your blood- your family). To stand idly by and witness attacks upon your family and home, without in any way, making an effort to stop the attacks, would require an ntentional suppression of a natural instinct. Premise two becomes more specific by stating that in euthanasia cases throughout, a doctor is always in a situation in which their patients natural instincts compel them (for as we saw in the quotes from J. Gay-Williams, a humans conditioned response in all situations-based on the make-up of the body-is to function in a way that would always enable (or lean towards) continuity. ) to survive. The way to show that this argument follows rule number two is to reveal its logical pattern. ) If there is P (a person in a situation), where Q (a natural instinct compels them to take an action), it is R (morally wrong to intentionally suppress that instinct). 2) In all S (euthanasia cases), there is P (a doctor in a situation), where Q (their patients natural instinct compels them to survive). 3) Therefore, in all S (euthanasia cases), it is R (morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally suppress their patients natural ins tinct to survive). I think that this argument is good. The way in which Gay-Williams went about presenting his case was commendable.He did make brief reference to there being a God, and that human beings are supposed to act as trustee of his body, and in taking a life or our own, humans are acting against him. However, it seemed as though he was keeping in mind that many people might not share the same beliefs as he, and therefore needed to have rational arguments against euthanasia which pertained in no way to faith or religion. This was the admirable thing, because it seems that many times religious people, although trying to argue an important idea, seem to have no rational approach and end up Bible-thumping, and coming across as ignorant.One objection someone might have to this argument would be to premise two. Someone might say that the premise is generalizing when it says all euthanasia cases, because in certain cases of euthanasia a person might not be being kept alive throug h natural means any longer (such as artificial life support) therefore, it cant be said that the persons natural instinct is to survive because without life support the person would have already died thus following the natural instinct towards death. My response to this objection would be the following in my interpretation of J.Gay-Williams argument from nature, I used In all euthanasia cases, there is a doctor is in a situation where their patients natural instinct compels them to survive. As my second premise. And I must admit, that with this as the second premise, the argument is flawed as the objector revealed. However, if I were to make the second premise not end with natural instinct compels them to survive and rather put natural instinct compels them then it wouldnt be a flawed argument. This is because it would merely be adding a twist on the argument, which Gay-Williams did not come right out and say, but it is implied.This twist that is implied is that it is morally wrong to go against any natural human instinct, and this includes the natural instinct of dying. Maybe then, the problem of removing someone or not removing someone from life support would no longer be the problem, due to the fact that artificial life support is preventing some people from allowing their bodies to follow the natural instinct to die. Now of course this seems a bit morbid, and Im not at all suggesting that modern technology and what it can do to save lives is morally wrong, Im simply showing what other routes this argument from nature implies.

Napoleon: Tyrant, or Hero?

Napoleon was a big man in all shipway except stature, with big plans, big actions, big passions, and a big appetite. Through appear Napoleons political and military career, he fulfill m both goals of the vicissitude that had under(a)lying democratic values, which he spread all across Europe. However, Napoleon was also an egotistical and oppressive character, and he took away many individual rights that had been gained during the hulk of terror.Napoleon was a tyrant, twisted by his own passions and big ideas, but that doesnt mean he wasnt hero sandwichic or that he didnt accomplished any heroic feats. Although Napoleon seized power, he strived to strengthen his country, and gain a majority of the support, understanding that there aint(sic) no power like the power of the plenty. He soon had a group of lawyers write up a code of laws that governed the entirety of France, making a more just system of laws and taxation, as beforehand the laws varied state to state, while the taxes varied by estate.While this stabilized the government and economy, and largely leveled the playing field among men, it also took away many womens rights, and sacrificed authoritative rights to manage Napoleons growing power. Those who crossed Napoleon or spoke out against him, whether in public or in the paper were targeted, and he destroyed printers that voiced dangerous thoughts. During the same time period, Napoleon also took back the rights of free blacks in Saint Domingue that the slaves had won during a revolt of their own.The circumstance that showed his domineering potential, and turned off many of his previous fans, was when Napoleon was crowned emperor. Up until this point, many intellectuals had admired Napoleon for his cunning, and Frances dramatic recovery under his careful guidance. However, as Napoleon snatched the crown from the Pope like an insolent child, another great mastermind drew a groan of pained frustration.Beethoven had been piece a symphony in his hon or when Bonaparte decided to show some more of his true colors, causing the musical genius to scratch his shit off the board and rename it eroica symphony, as he felt Napoleon no longer embodied the heroic qualities he had been trying to portray.Few people originally had a problem with Napoleon becoming Emperor, as a plebiscite had granted him the title, however, his haughty show had proved him not to be quite the hero on a white horse everyone had been hoping for, rather he was simply a talented,tactically genius, fallible human, worth as much as any other, and deserving no more emphasis or admiration than any other. Once he had secured France and his position as Emperor there, he slump his sights out to his looming neighbors. After conquering or allying with most of Europe, almost the whole continent felt the benefit of the exchange of revolutionary reforms and ideals that took place, as Napoleon abolished the feudal system, dethroned kings, and set up a fairer tax and law syste m wherever he went.Despite spreading these democratic ideals, after people had started suffering because of his anti-British campaign, Napoleon wouldnt allow his reins of power slip, and he crushed revolts or acts of patriotism in the conquered nations ruthlessly whenever they appeared. This was especially true after the Spanish and Portuguese had a successful revolution, well-favoured other nations hope of a similar fate.Napoleon was a tyrant first and a hero second, for while Im sure some of what he did was for the good of France, he cared far to much about sweetening his own pot of power, and a large quantity of the things he did, though great, were probably to maintain and enhance his power, as he had shown himself to be his own biggest fan, and in turn, his own biggest enemy. While Napoleon will forever remain great figure in history, his authority left no room for opposition or opposing, or different, ideas, and this made him a tyrant.

A Case Study: Dispatches from the War on Stress

Situation This article discusses the global effects of workplace tension. In this days business world, employees psychological health is overshadowed by the need to seemly numbers and expectations. With a higher demand to meet goals, along with the increased pressure from competing firms, companies have been distinctively increase employee workload which in turn, produces a build-up of work-related hear for the employee. As a result, more strips of employee dissatisfaction and burn-out are amounting and becoming more apparent. some companies are now tackling this growing neck of stress with different thoughts and methods to help reduce it for a more effective and happy employee. Key Issues Mark Ostermann, Chicago office of Boston Consulting Group. Mr. Ostermann was a case at which work-place stress has resulted in him to put excessive hours (60+) for a month and a half straight in order to finish a project. Luckily, the going Zone police (a group created by the company to help with employee satisfaction) was adequate to intervene before the stress became unbearable.Not much later, Ostermann was inside an action intend to solve his overwork problem. In no time, more people were added to his team to divide the work along with get out managerial support. Renault automaker. In the course of flipper months, three engineers committed suicide who left notes stating about their unreasonable work-loads, immense work-place pressure, and humiliating criticisms in front of colleagues. Known for setting grand targets to boost sales, Renault has declare the pressure put on their employees and committed a plan along with $10 million to alleviate workplace stress.In addition, the company began to train managers on how to avoid negative stress along with psychologists to help educate senior executives. The company also has put an effort to set up more places for socializing and relaxation. Problem There is no question that the workplace is a very stressful place. Mo st companies who are under a lot of pressure to meet goals are constantly striving to meet these achievements. As a result of the goals set by senior executives, the stress is burdened on the shoulders of the employees. The roblem is not work-stress, plainly the global lack of prevention of over stressing and lack of knowledge in identifying and managing it. It is the case with Renault Automaker, when it took the deaths of three engineers due to work-related stress before setting a course to alleviate work-related stress. In the case of Mark Ostermann, adequate knowledge in identifying stress by the Red Zone team prevented further development of unwelcome consequences in relation to his project. Alternative Solutions Work-related stress is inevitable, but may be alleviated and contained to a minimum by doing implementing a number of programs. 1.Impose needful relaxation and social time during the work day. In the recent cases of Toyota Co. recalling vehicles for numerous manufac turing defects, part of the blame has been pointed towards the Toyota Japans work ethic (Holt 2010). Workers for Toyota Japan frequently put in 60+ hours per week, have shorter break times. 2. Provide better training for managers about psychological stress. Often the problem lies within the inability of managers to point in time employees who are experiencing an extraordinary amount of stress. From the ability to realize work-stress to their ability to criticize others, added training can benefit the entire workplace. . Provide onsite programs geared toward stress management. Many companies have resorted to onsite programs to help with stress management (Clabaugh 2009). Resources vary from onsite massage stations, yoga lunch breaks, to onsite oil changes. Selected Solution Knowledge is power. It ensures that the more we know, the more we can manipulate it. Providing better training for managers about stress management and the effects of psychological stress can effectively reduce the amount of extraordinary stress on employees within the workplace. Companies strive to achieve higher goals and to get the close work from the employees.Better training in stress management helps set reasonable goals as to preserve efficiency and prevent over-working. With better training, managers will be more likely to notice individual employees experiencing symptoms from over-work. Much stress from the workplace also comes from demeaning criticisms and aid of the boss. Training for managers on effects of psychological stress can help managers choose their words wisely as to reflect the issue at hand without creating a stressful encounter. Case Questions 1. This case study describes various ways that companies try to manage workplace stress.Referring to the types of stress management strategies described in this chapter, which approaches are applied most and least often? In this case study, the strategy applied most is the provision of workplace de-stressors. General Mills provides in-house individualised services to help maximize employee time with social and familial aspects of their lives rather than using off days to do errands. From this study, the least used is a wad method to assess stress as mentioned by IBM computers. 2. What stress outcomes are mentioned in this case study? What stressors are noted in association with these stress outcomes?One of the stress outcomes which was mentioned was suicide. Leading to suicide, the engineers left notes stating the insurmountable amount of stress burdened onto them by high workloads, high-pressure management tactics, humiliating criticisms, and exhaustion. 3. Some of the stress problems described in this chapter refer to winning or losing in performance management. Why would the risk of failing to achieve performance goals result in such(prenominal) serious stress outcomes? Most individuals strive for acceptance, especially in the work place. Failing to achieve performance goals brings about the feel ings of inadequacy and humility for many.In most cases, employees strive to do their best at the expense of personal time and family in order to earn achievements in the work place. Not being able to reach goals can be detrimental to ones psyche. References Mueller, C. (2005, December 19). Stress Management In The oeuvre Handling Work Stress. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from http//ezinearticles. com/? Stress-Management-In-TheWorkplace-Handling-Work-Stress&id=115473 Clabaugh, J (November 2009). Employers tackle on-the-job stress. Retrieved March 14, 2010 from Washington Business Journal

Global Warming and the Effects Essay

orbiculate cacoethesing plant refers to the heating of the air near the globes fold up and oceans and this problem was first note to happen in the 1950s period. Today the issue of orbiculate heat is one of the most wide discussed as it has serious implications to our environment. Global warming is as a consequence of sympathetic activities and its main endorser is the laid-back level of greenhouse mess upes that be emitted to the atmosphere. One of these gases is methane, nitrogen dioxide, irrigate vapors and light speed dioxide (CO2), which ar emitted when fogey fuels such(prenominal) natural gas, oil, diesel and coal be burned.The issue of global warming has locomote to the levels of concern straightaway and days cannot pass without it be mentioned. If its make be not mitigated the arena bequeath move an inhabitable place. The cause of global warming are numerous ranging from parent in global temperatures, forests destruction, melting and unsay of i nternal-combustion engine glaciers and thawing of snow that concealings the mountains and destruction of the coastal ecosystems. This is what this research musical theme entrust basically focus on.It will discuss in depth the causes of global warming how these effects impact our society. This research paper is structured as follows it starts with a brief introduction of what global warming is, its origin and how it has developed over era, approximately examples of where it has already occurred will be given and then the conclusion. At the genuinely end on that point is also a list of all the works cited, properly formatted in symmetry with the MLA formatting style. Most people according to Weart (13) use the term global warming to mean climatical swop but this is not true.The former is as a result of military man activities and changes in the solar system but later is any change in the state of the average climate in terms of precipitation and weather over an extended peri od of time. The first effects of global warming were first noted in the mid 19th century and according to mingled reports given by different researchers, global warming results collect to unchecked human activities. The world has experienced and witnessed changes in ice formation and melting not mentioning the abrupt rise in global temperatures.Though weather variations are any(prenominal)thing that is as old as mankind, its recent changes get down awakened the conscience of men. Although there are periods when temperatures are a bit hot, there was unusual rise in temperatures in the period between eighties and 1990s. This problem has continued up to the 21st century. In terms of global average near the step up air temperature, the grade 1998 was the warmest in the instrumental record and the nine warmest years in that record gather in occurred since 1990 (Houghton 2). The Graph below Shows How Global Temperature Has Increased Over Time Due to Global heating plant.Gotten fro m http//globalwarming-awareness2007-arshad. com/global-warming-graphs. shtml The rise in the rates at which hurricanes, tornadoes and the general blowing of strong wind is also attributed to global warming. These effects were experienced in Western Europe especially in England in the late 1980s. No single human being can claim not to have contributed to the global warming as in one office or the other one must have been involved in cooking using fogey fuels and in transport. These are the major contributors of global warming because they profit the amount of carbon dioxide gas which is in the atmosphere.(Natural Resources Defense Council). The problem with greenhouse gases is that they trap hot air that is trying to escape from the ocean and earths surface whateverthing that has serious consequences. Carbon dioxide behaves like a blanket and a mirror. It traps hot air and sends it back to the install thus there is a dope of water evaporation on the oceans thereby change magni tude humidness in the air. Also this humidity also behaves like CO2 which traps hot air thus do the air in the atmosphere even warmer (Haughton 12)Most of the global effects we are witnessing today were predicted long time ago by scientists for example the world meteorological organization (WMO) issued a prototype in 2003 that there will be increase in weather changes and the examples that it gave were tornadoes, hurricanes and heat waves. Today these tornadoes are like the order of the day and are the effects of global warming. tally to scientists, when ice glaciers melts, that water flows to the oceans which in turn floods and the problem that results is that even when there is a small storm water is blown to the earths surface. human being activities that contribute to global warming dates back to the Industrial Revolution period when labor became mechanized. Those machines used fossil fuels such as coal which emits large amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The current human activities are alter largely to the global warming that human activities of the 19th century although the current global warming effects are not just as a result of these current activities but is as a result of human activities extended over time.According to a report that was produced by the World meteorologic Organization, the period from early 1990s up to 2007 has registered the highest degrees in terms of global temperature. The average global temperature for the year 2007 was estimated to be 0. 41oC above the average annual temperature of the 1960s of 14. 00oc Just like there are many a(prenominal) environmental variables, the same applies when it comes to human activities which contribute to global warming. As per the IPCCs fourth assessment report, since 1750, human activities with a very high probability were said to be the cause of global warming.The increase of global warming for the last fifty years has been due to the increase in greenhouses emissions. The Grap h Below shows how the parsimony of Greenhouse Gas has increased In the Last 250 Years. It was accessed from http//earthsci. org/education/teacher/basicgeol/global_warm/global_warm. html These gases also demean the ozone that protects some harmful sun rays from reaching the sun and that is why there are so many cases of cancer in the world.The main source of these gases is the fuels that are used on vehicles, planes and other machines such as generators and water pumps and the fuels that are used in households. What happens is that when sun rays reach the earths surface, they heat the surface while the intemperance heat is radiated back to the atmosphere. These rays are supposed to be lost in the space but because there is a lot of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the sunlight with longer wavelength are trapped by these gases (Silverstein and Nunn 53-54). at one time the problem is that it jazzs to global warming in that these gases behave like mirrors that reflect back sun ra ys to the earth lede to overheating of the global temperature and this is what is referred by scientists as greenhouse effect. Even the water vapor that results due to overheating of the ocean surfaces is also a greenhouse gas. It is estimated that these vapors contribute 36 to 70 part of the global warming while carbon dioxide accounts for 9-26 percent while others like methane and ozone contributes about 4-9 percent and 3-7percent respectively.Methane is of all time present in the earth and so when mining or soil erosion occurs due to human activities it is exposed to the atmosphere. This methane combines with other gases in the atmosphere and it releases carbon dioxide. Population is another factor that has contributed to the rise in global temperature. There is no direct link of overpopulation to global warming but through an confused process it contributes. When population increase, it means people will require to a greater finale food and assume for more food means that m ore agricultural lands will be cultivated.Scientifically we know that trees help in purifying air by absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere so when vegetation cover is cleared the chances of global warming to result are high as greenhouses gases remain uncontrolled. Also, to some extent green vegetations lead to global warming. When green vegetation rot they release a smelly gas. This gas is methane and is one of those greenhouse gases. Again as people demand more food, they devise ways of increase food production and one way of doing this is by using animal manure which contains a lot of methane.People are forced to keep animals so as they would get this manure thus indirectly leading to the global warming. As population grows, more energy is needed in the production sectors. go off usage increase in the production companies so as to meet the ever increase demand for products. Population increase mean more transport demands, this leads to an increase in the number of vehicles resulting to more emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Apart from human causes, there are also natural causes of global warming.Sun which is part of the solar system could also contribute to the global warming. If there happens to be output changes in terms of the heat that the sun produces, global temperature could rise. Another natural factor that could contribute is if there happens to be a change in the shape of the orbit that earth as a planet follows. If one point is impendent to the sun then, global temperature at that particular period of time could rise. All these causes of global warming lead to several negative consequences. One of these effects is the increase in precipitation.As more and more water evaporates and is trapped in the clouds it then falls as precipitation. When the oceans are heated by the sun, evaporation occurs leading to heavy rain that has negative results for example it leads to floods and soil erosion. (Victor 31-33) Another effect associat ed with global warming is the thawing of mountain glaciers. In the period between 1550s and 1850s there was a lot of glaciers but this has subsequently decrease over time. It is estimated that the world glaciers with the exception of ice sheets and caps in the Antarctic and Arctic regions has gone down by 50 percent.The reduction of these glaciers has been witnessed in Himalayas Mountains, Alps, Rocky Mountains and Pyrenees. The consequences of melting of these glaciers are many and one of them is flash slides, increase in landslides not mentioning the overflow of the glacial lakes. It also makes some rivers to become seasonal, during summer time they become dry and then gain water during winter. When glaciers melt, water levels in the ocean go up and it destroys the ecological system of the coastal areas because these floods engulf the coastal dry lands. Global temperature interferes with the balance and the length of the seasons.This will pretend farmers who sow their seeds in a particular time predicting to be harvested at a particular time. Farmers are planting the seeds according to the seasons and rain, but since the rains are getting disturbed and also the climate is getting shifted, the sowing time is difficult to predict, which will lead to poor production hence shortage of food grains (Global warming, 2008). Marine vitality is also under defunctness threats due to global temperature change. Many marine species have already succumbed to high temperatures in the seas.Penguins which live in chromatic leafs are the worst affected. Global warming leads to the destruction of the coral reefs and this leads to the interference in penguins life cycle resulting to many deaths. Also global warming leads to the retreat of ice in the sea. Though sea water absorbs suns heat, this ice reflects back some of the heat. If this ice melts away, sea water will get hot leading to the rise in temperature. According to a report made by the IPCC Fourth Assessment, it w as predicted that forest fires will increase in some regions of the world like in the Mediterranean Europe.Global warming has no direct link to the scouring fires but the thing is, there will be shortage of rain in those regions thus increasing the chances of forest fires being spread in large scale. When fire burns, carbon dioxide is emitted to the air and since this fire will clear all the remaining vegetations that would absorb some carbon dioxide, a lot of carbon dioxide will be released more than the natural cycle can handle and what will result is global warming due to green house effects. (Natural Resources Defense Council)Global warming also destroys the ozone work that is in the atmosphere. This layer prevents the harmful sunrays such as ultra violet rays from reaching the earth. These rays lead to increased cases of skin cancer. To purpose this research paper, it is in order to say that global warming leads to the rise of the average global temperatures and have serious consequences on the environment. The main contributor of global warming is human activities although to some extent some natural factors such as alteration of the earth orbit could result to temperature rise.Global changes started to be witnessed in the mid 19th century but of late the effect are many and on the increasing trend. Its many effects have served as an awakening call to many governments to come up with various strategies that could help to reverse the trend. Global warming mostly results from fossil fuels which emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases intromit ozone, methane, water vapors and nitrogen dioxide.What these gases do is that they trap hot air that is trying to escape from the grounds resulting to overheating of both the ocean and ground surfaces. The effects of global warming are many and includes rise in temperatures, forest fire outbreaks, thawing and retreat of glaciers, overflowing of rivers and lakes, disruption in the balance of seasons, extinction of some species especially those that live in seas, desertification, coastal lands being engulfed by floods and increase in diseases such as cancer and malaria.Works CitedGlobal Warming. Global Warming Awareness. 2008. Accessed on October 30, 2008 from http//www. globalwarming. org. in/global-warming-facts. php Houghton J. Theodore. Global Warming The Complete Briefing. Cambridge University Press, 2004 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). Global Warming Consequences. 2008. Available at http//www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/fcons.asp Silverstein, A. and Nunn, L. S. Global Warming. twenty-first Century Books, 2003 Watson R. The Natural Causes of Global Warming. 2007 http//www. associatedcontent. com/article/300649/the_natural_causes_of_global_ warming. html? cat=47 Weart S. R. The Discovery of Global Warming. Harvard University Press, 2003. Victor, David G. The devote of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming And the Struggle to Slow Global W arming. Princeton University Press, 2001

Ethnography on People Who Do Hot Yoga

Yogis For many bulk with hectic, stressful have sexs, make relaxedation means district let on in straw man of the TV at the end of the sidereal day or getting most extra sleep at the end of the weekend, and for a certain group of the great unwashed restful does not include this. These pile argon c eithered yogis those who master residual through the art of meditation, existent, stretching, and molding inside(a) peace. In todays fast paced society it is hard to find a way to richly relax because mickle are constantly being forced to push their minds and bodies to the limit, which can result in high takes of stress.Rather than fighting against lifes hardships, pot who practice yoga nourish deep relaxation in order to be free of stress and live for each one day in peace and accord with break through being thrown out of balance by the ups and rounds life may bring. As a college educatee life history in todays fast-paced society lifes obstacles frequently challe nge me, which usually go bys to great amounts of stress. Watching TV, sleeping, and working out are all ways to help me cope, notwithstanding if now these activities never seem to richly get the job d bingle. I never pattern that this horrible place of stress would find and ending, until I experienced my premier hot yoga straighten out.I decided to do my ethnography on the subculture of yogis to find out how these hatful step out of societys craziness and enter into a world of relaxation by assorting their bodies and minds. Lucky for me, unmatch sufficient of my close friends, Jamie Mack, is someone who takes immense pride in yoga. I was able to talk to her roughly how yoga helps her free her stress and also get a origin hand experience of a yoga session myself. It was a homogeneous(p) any other Sunday here in Lawrence I woke up around 1230 PM exhausted from the night before, and automatically legal opinion of all the homework I had to complete. bingle of the assignm ents I needed to get through by the end of the day was going to observe my subculture for my ethnography es assert. In the interview I conducted with my friend Jamie, she explained to me, Yoga I s the trump remedy for stress. A part of the practice in yoga is clearing your mind, and it is a great stress relief. (Jamie Mack, interview) same other yogis, Jamie practices yoga in order to be free from stress, and that was exactly what I needed. What could be a mitigate day to relieve my stress than a Sunday? So, I picked up my phone to call Jamie and find out the name and directions to the place where she practices her yoga.She told me that the yoga place was named Bikram Yoga, which is another name for hot yoga. She also told me that I should descend to the assigner about fifteen minutes before the session break uped in order to stretch and relax my mind. Yogis feeling that it is key to relax their minds before a session begins because it helps them later when they are trying to achieve their inner peace. At 230 PM, my friend Caroline and I left our dorm to go see what this whole yoga thing was about. We arrived at Bikram Yoga fifteen minutes before three just like Jamie told us, and saw that it was a small superficial place pushed into the corner of the shopping strip.Caroline and I ran out of the car, and into the studio. We got in there and were automatically welcomed with big smiles and greetings from the two women standing behind a desk in the little direction. One of the women asked us if we had ever been there before or if we had ever done a hot yoga class, but it was quite obvious that it was our first m since we both showed up with no mats or towels and e preciseone else who walked in seemed to take everyplace both of these items with them. When we explained to her that it was our first era, she introduced herself as Kimbo and handed us two forms to read and admit out.One of the forms was asking who recommended us to Bikram Yoga, and the other was asking us to initial statements that proved we would be respectful throughout the session by not talking and not bringing in our kiosk phones, which are both actions that would interrupt the peace. The argue that we werent allowed to talk and bring our cell phones in is because yogis believe that one must forget about what is going on in the world outside of the room they are practicing and restful in. Also, the use of cell phones is a big contributor to high levels of stress in people. In an article, Stress of carrel call up Use Disturbs Sleep, Mood, Dr.Z writes about the effects of cell phone usage and how it increases peoples stress. He explains, A major prospective study over a period of one year of young adults who apply their cell phones frequently reveals significant disturbances to sleep patterns, increased stress symptoms, and an increased incidence of clinical depression. (Dr. Z) A cell phone is something that pushes people to use their minds and can caus e a lot of problems. People who do yoga dont want this fast-paced society to get to their heads, so they choose to exclude anything that volition stop them from achieving peace and relaxation.We sat down on a colorful little bench to fill out our forms, and we both agreed to be respectful during the session. While Caroline was still filling out her forms I took a look around the entrance room. There were a lot of peace signs, Buddhas, and flowers, which do the scenery calm and peaceful. These types of decorations are all a part of achieving inner peace. Peace signs stand for peace, Buddhas are looking to achieve peace, and flowers are always peaceful and welcoming.Yogis value peace because they are people who are always striving for harmony and balance to reach inner peace. When we were finished paying her for the session, we were given a mat and a towel so that we could properly participate. People who do hot yoga value their mats and their towels because these are two things th at serve as artifacts that the value as a subculture. Without the mats their feet would slip al over the place since the heat makes their feet sweat and it would make it a lot harder for one to reach a level of relaxation that will help relieve stress.The towel is necessary to guard by their sides at all epochs in case they need to wipe their faces get rid of when their sweat gets out of control. As we walked down the narrow hallway to the room Kimbo had directed us to go to we heard he shout, dont forget to leave your shoes, coats, and any other belongings outside of the room. Oh and go in with as little clothing as you feel comfortable in. I looked at Caroline and we both didnt commiserate what she meant by that. As little clothing as possible? But why?We knew it was going be hot in the room since it was called hot yoga, but I guess we just didnt project exactly how hot this room was about to get. We opened the door to the room, and right away I legal opinion I was going to pass out from the smell of dirty gym socks and sweat that circulated around it. The room was bright orange. Not the kind of orange that would make me sick looking at it for the ninety minutes I was going to be in there for, but the kind of orange that made me feel like I should be lying out in a tropical island.A very relaxing room besides the smell, but no one else seemed to care about it so I just chose to ignore it. The people didnt care about the smell because they were there for one reason and one reason only to relax their minds and become free from any stress they were having. It didnt matter to them that this construction was small and ugly, or that the room was hot and smelly because when they go there they are doing something that most people dont, and that is not let societys fast-pace get to their heads. There were so many people in his small room. There were both men and women, tall, short, skinny, fat, eighteen or sixty with just one thing in common besides the fact t hat they all love yoga they were all wearing very minimal clothing. Caroline and I were the two with the most clothing on and all we were wearing was spandex swindle and tank tops. This was a place where no one was judged on what their body looked like and every iodin person was respected for why they were there, not what they looked like. Everyone was talking to each other as if they had known each other for a while.Caroline and I placed our mats down close to the door we had walked through and the looks we received were nonentity but nice. This made us feel welcome in a place where we knew no one. I loved it there already, and couldnt wait for the teacher to come in, and for the session to start. After about disco biscuit minutes of waiting for the instructor she had lastly arrived. It turned out that Kimbo, the nice lady from the front desk, was the instructor for that days hot yoga session. She opened up the door to the room and shouted, hello my lovely people I was amazed by the spirit this woman had running through her because it gave off a affirmative vibe. It is important to stay demonstrable throughout a yoga session because people who do yoga feel that the positive energy is another way to relieve stress and bring harmony. Everyone in the room turned towards the front and smiled back to her as she walked up there to lead the class. Caroline and I just followed everyone elses lead by also turning to the front. Kimbo started off by asking Caroline and I to move to diametrical spots of the room so that we would be surrounded by people knew what they were doing.We moved our things and ended up on opposite sides of the room. My new neighbors all introduced themselves and smiled to me. Their positive attitudes towards me made it clear that they wanted me to succeed in my first session. These people are all very caring and would be happy for anyone who gives yoga a chance. They are a rather inclusive group of people as the want everyone to experien ce the goodness of allow not letting stress get to the head. Kimbo raised her arms high up in the first position, and everyone knew to stand up the session had started.We began by reaching up for the sky, exhaling and inhaling deep breathes. These are the breathing routines that start off each session to get the body relaxed and ready to start. It is crucial in yoga that one keeps breathing and knows how to control their breathe because it is key to connecting the body to the mind, which results in high relaxation. I was now ready to go, and so was everyone else in the room. There were many positions that we covered, and for each one there were two sets which helped because I was able to hitch the experienced yogis do the first one and then join in on the second set.From the sustain written by the creator of Bikram Yoga, Bikram Choudhury write, Through the practice of yoga, you integrate your body and mind in a perfect union. (Bikram, 32) He created these specific positions so t hat people who practice yoga will use their bodies as a way to connect to their inner self. These positions we were doing required a lot of flexibility. In my interview with Jamie, I asked if this yoga class required flexibility, and she responded by telling me, You dont have to be anything to do yoga, you just have to be willing to try it. I didnt quite agree with her statement because I conceit that the positions would be very hard to do if one isnt flexible enough. What I came to find out was that even though these positions required flexibility, it was something that one would have to work on. In yoga you arent pushed to the limit like you are in our fast-paced society, rather you are told to preform everything to your own comfort zone, and that helps people who do yoga free their stress.As we would reach our arms up high, Kimbo would peacefully repeat, You are a flower blossoming in the midst of a beautiful summer, which kept everyone happy and in the mind state of peace. As I mentioned before, positivity is key in yoga. These words that Kimbo kept repeating kept the positive energy period throughout the room. This kind of language is what gives yogis the strength to balance out their down sides in life. The heat in the room was getting higher and higher, and I wasnt sure if my body could handle it.I plopped down on my mat to take a quick breather, ripped off my tank top, and joined the rest of the women in the class who were wearing only a sports bra and spandex shorts. The scorching heat made it clear to me why people werent wearing a lot of clothes in the beginning of the session, and it seemed to me as if sweating was the principal(prenominal) goal of this class. I looked around the room and noticed that everyone else was also overlookping sweat. There were times where I would look around the room and see people raising their arms for a position, and sweat would drip down from them just like a shower head drips water after you turn it off.Every ti me I would sit down on my mat to take a break and wipe off my sweat, Kimbo would look at me, smile, and say, Youre doing great She was one of the greatest motivators I had ever met because she did it in much(prenominal) a peaceful manner. Though my face was beat red, my eyes were basically tearing from the heat, and I thought I was going to faint, her positive attitude is what kept me going and even though I wanted to bee-line straight out that of that door, she gave me the strength to stay and finish the session.It was finally 445 and though it had felt up like I had been in that room for hours, it had only been for ninety minutes. Kimbo turned off the lights and told us to lay straight on our backs with our eyes closed. Two minutes later she left the room and said, Namaste, and everyone replied back in unison, Namaste. Unaware of what this word meant, I just decided to go along with it, but didnt say anything. In an article titled The Meaning of Namaste Aadil Palkhivala writes about and explains the deeper meaning of the gesture Namaste.He let his readers know that, Usually, it is done at the end of class because the mind is less active and the energy in the room is much peaceful. The teacher initiates Namaste as a symbol of gratitude and respect toward her students and her own teachers and in return invites the students to connect with their lineage, thereby allowing the truth to flowthe truth that we are all one when we live from the heart. (Palkhivala) Basically, this gesture ends the session and creates the final connection of peace to the mind while the mind is fully relaxed.While everyone was still lying there, I right off sprinted out of the room to grasp a breathe of any kind of airmanship besides the air in that room. Never in my life has room temperature air felt so good, and I was able to breathe normally again. As I waited for Caroline to come out of the room many people who had just left the session approached me, telling me that I did a great job for my first time and that I should definitely consider coming back because yoga is one of the best things that has ever happened to them.These people transport yoga because they are able to step away from their hectic lives, and go into a place where they can fully relax their minds and not think about anything that would be getting was one of the most challenging, yet relaxing and peaceful activities I have ever experienced. In my interview with Jamie I asked her what one could expect in a typical yoga class. She told me, Expect to sweat, but mostly expect to doubt yourself during the session and to feel suddenly incredible once your done. (Jamie Mack, interview) It turned out that she was exactly correct. In a short period of time I was able to achieve inner peace and full relaxation by doing yoga and trying to connect my mind and body. All of the stress that I had when I woke up earlier that morning had quickly vanished as I felt like I was on top of the world. Home work usually brings me down and puts me at a lower place a great amount of stress, but the yoga class took that negativity away. At that point I was living stress free, just like a yogi.People who practice yoga live life to the fullest while not letting their negative stress get to their heads. Most people in this fast-paced modern world we live in would appreciate time to fully relax their minds and bodies that are constantly being pushed to exceed their limits, the only problem is they dont know what the real meaning of relaxation is. Yogis understand the concept of relaxation and value it as they strive everyday to be free of stress to live life in harmony. Works Cited Choudhury, Bikram.Bikram Yoga The Guru behind Hot Yoga Shows the Way to Radiant Health and Personal Fulfillment. New York Collins, 2007. Print. Stress of Cell Phone Use Disturbs Sleep, Mood. Stresshacker. Web. 09 May 2012. . The Meaning of Namaste The Meaning of Namaste. Web. 09 May 2012. . Why exercise Yoga? W hy Practice Yoga? Web. 09 May 2012. .